For students who have completed their Ph.D. in South Korea, there is an opportunity to obtain permanent residency (F-5) if they meet the income requirement of 1× GNI (Gross National Income). Korean language proficiency is not required under this particular pathway. The process is relatively straightforward if you meet the income requirement, which is often the biggest challenge for fresh Ph.D. graduates. However, for graduates of universities participating in the K-STAR visa program, the process can be much easier. The first step is to obtain a **K-STAR F-2 visa**. The eligibility requirements vary from university to university. Once you obtain this visa, you can work toward converting it to F-5 permanent residency without meeting the usual GNI income requirement. For this pathway, the two main factors are your research experience and academic publications. You generally need to work as a researcher for 1–3 years and publish research papers. Both your research experience and publications contribute points toward your eligibility. Once you meet the required criteria and obtain sufficient points, you can apply for permanent residency under the F-5-S1 category.